Muh. Nizam
Electrical
Engineering department
Sebelas
Maret University
Surakarta,
Indonesia
Agus
Mujianto
Mechanical
engineering department
Sebelas
Maret University
Surakarta,
Indonesia
imudjdnk@gmail.com
Hery
Triwaloyo
Mechanical
Engineering Department
Sebelas
Maret University
Surakarta,
Indonesia
Abstract— Nowadays, the air pollution increase significantly. Transportation is
the main cause of the increase in air pollution. This is cause of its growth,
vehicle number growth rapidly. To solve this problem there was made electric
cars. Electric cars have zero emissions. However, the electric car has the
disadvantage that the high cost of batteries, short distances and inadequate
infrastructure. One type of vehicle powertrain has been developed. That is plug
in hybrid vehicle (PHEV). PHEV use two source of energy for vehicle they are
battery and fuel. It makes PHEV less
emission than conventional vehicle. Indonesia is also currently running a
program of emissions reduction and fuel savings. So the use of PHEV to
Indonesia can be proposed. This study focused on analysis well to wheel fuel
economy and emission of conventional and alternative vehicle (PHEV) in
Indonesia This study used Surakarta to
represent Indonesia’s vehicle speed character. Advisor used to compare
conventional vehicle and PHEV in fuel economy and emission. The result of this
study is PHEV 31,85% more economy than
conventional vehicle. And PHEV less emission than conventional vehicle about
41.3% for HC, 46,8% for CO and 17,5% for NOx. From the results of this study,
the PHEV has a great opportunity to replace conventional vehicles as a means of
transportation in Indonesia.
Keywords—PHEV;
emission; fuel consumption; fuel economy; Indonesia; Surakarta
I. Introduction
Nowadays air pollution increased
significantly, and the main factor that caused it is the vehicle [1].
Significant growth vehicles made air pollution rises precipitously. In addition
to air pollution, fuel
consumption of vehicle was highest. In Europe the use
of CO2 limits have been imposed so that the development of vehicles that can
minimize CO2 emissions now been developed [3,4]. One of the
vehicles that can be used is an electric vehicle [5-8].
Electric vehicles have zero emissions
levels and fuel use. However, this solution affects the cost of the battery,
mileage, and the infrastructure for charging batteries [9,10]. A better
solution is to use hybrid vehicle. plug in hybrid vehicle (PHEV) can increase
fuel economy of the vehicle and decrease its emission. usually PHEV called less
emission vehicle [11].
Indonesia is also currently running a
program of emissions reduction and fuel economy. This is evident from the
government policy on emissions and the use of renewable energy. The growth of
vehicles in Indonesia is also very significant that need the vehicle models
that have high fuel economy and low emissions. System of hybrid vehicles can be
offered to solve this problem. Focus in this study is the use of PHEV in
Indonesia are represented by one of the city namely Surakarta. Surakarta is one
of the cities in Central Java which was getting to be a crowded city, even the
slogan from Surakarta is the spirit of java so expect Surakarta could be a
model use of hybrid vehicles in the study.
II. plug in hybrid electric vehicle
Plug in hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that
uses a minimum of two power sources. Hybrid vehicles are divided into three
based on the configuration of its powertrain the series, parallel and series
parallel. Series PHEV is a PHEV vehicle that uses the motor as a major driver
while the ICE is used only to charge the battery. Parallel PHEV vehicle is a
PHEV that uses a motor and ICE as a major driver, while the mixture is PHEV
that use ICE vehicle and the motor as the prime mover, but ICE also works for
charging the battery. The main components of PHEV are battery, motor, ICE,
transmission and vehicle body.
III. methodology
This study uses the contours of the
vehicle speed at the town line solo. Contour speed obtained by driving a
conventional car around town solo. Results contour used for simulation speed
and conventional hybrid vehicles as the input speed. The road to pick up speed
data looks like the figure 1.
Fig.1. the road of
Surakarta that used as collect data for vehicle speed
This study used simulation-based on
Advisor . Advisor is a program designed specifically for vehicle simulation. Specifications
used vehicle is a vehicle PHEV whose data was taken from NREL. The
specifications can see at table 1.
Table
1. specification of vehicle
Specification
|
PHEV
|
Conventional
|
ICE peak
efficiency (%)
|
39
|
39
|
Maximum power
total (kW)
|
74
|
74
|
Maximum ICE power
(kW)
|
43
|
74
|
Maximum motor
power (kW)
|
31
|
NA
|
Motor peak
efficiency (%)
|
91
|
NA
|
Battery storage
system (kW)
|
40
|
NA
|
Speed of
vehicle as input at this simulation. In this study used flow simulation as
method of simulation. Back flow simulation is speed as input and fuel
consumption as output of the simulation. ICE engine was the most importance one
of this study. ICE engine efficiency map can be seen at figure 2 below.
Fig. 2. Efficiency mapping of ICE engine
IV. result and discussion
Conventional vehicle used to define
speed chart in Surakarta city. In Surakarta many traffic jams that make vehicle
can’t be accelerate and must be stopped. The characteristic of speed vehicle at
Surakarta can see at figure 2.
Fig.2. Speed chart of
Surakarta city
This
speed chart used as speed input at both of PHEV and conventional vehicle. PHEV
and conventional vehicle compared at fuel economy and emission.
A. Fuel economy
The simulation result show that PHEVs
have more fuel economy than conventional vehicle about 31,85%. PHEVs have fuel
economy 20,7 km/l and conventional vehicles have 15,7 km/l. it is influenced by
the help from a battery mounted on a PHEV. The battery supplies power to the
motor so that ICE does not work alone, it is assisted by the motor. The power
from the battery that make fuel economy of PHEV higher than conventional. Vehicle
power of PHEV is supplied by two that is batteries and fuel. So that the torque
required by the vehicle is supplied by two drive well while the conventional
vehicle, the torque needed only supplied by a single source so that the fuel
becomes more extravagant. Comparison of the ICE torque and conventional PHEV
can be seen in the figure 3 below:
Fig.3. comparation
between torque of PHEV and conventional vehicle
Figure 3 shows that torque of conventional
vehicle higher than PHEV. It is make fuel consumption higher than PHEV. If the
fuel consumption higher automatically fuel economy must decreased.
PHEV power was supported by batteries
that plug at the vehicle. the power of battery substitute half power from fuel
for vehicle power. The power of batteries decrease aver the road. The power of
batteries represented by SOC (state of charge). SOC battery can
see at figure 4 below:
Fig. 4. SOC of battery
Figure 4 indicate that the power of
batteries used to support vehicle power. The power batteries decrease is
delivered to the motor. Motor supported ICE to supply power of vehicle.
B. Emission
Conventional vehicles have higher emission than PHEV.
The emission number of both vehicle represent at figure 5 below:
|
Fig. 5. Emission of vehicle
PHEV can cut down the emission of conventional
vehicle about 41,3% of HC, 46,8% of CO, and 17,5% of NOx. Emission affected by
using of fuel. PHEV use less fuel than conventional vehicle. The flow rate of
fuel consumption can see at figure 6 below:
Fig.6. fuel
rate of vehicle
Fuel rate
of conventional vehicle higher than PHEV. It is depending of torque requirement
of ICE. At figure 3 shown that torque requirement of conventional vehicle ICE
higher than PHEV. In other hand, speed chart take effect of torque requirement.
The more stop, leads higher torque requirement.
V. conclusions
from the result of this study, about fuel economy and emission, fuel
economy and emission depend on main source of energy. Conventional vehicles
have less fuel economy and higher emission than PHEV’s.
VI. Acknowledge
Thank you for the Directorate General
Litabmas and Universitas Sebelas Maret for financing under PUPT research grant
with contract number 353/UN27.21/PN/2016
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